Pulsars

In the year 1967, astronomers discovered an unusual cosmic anomaly, a pulsar. Mankind’s analysis of the phenomena has brought forth this explanation of the astronomical event. The origin of this stellar object according to present day theory is believed to originate from a remnant neutron star, a white dwarf. On occasion the neutron star explodes, resulting in a super nova. The explosion initiates, when its own intense gravitational field compresses stellar matter. The stellar mass under compression undergoes a dramatic increase in internal angular rotational turmoil in its core. Thus creating a mass that conserves angular momentum as the diameter of the star shrinks. One result is a dense neutron star of a small diameter, usually less than 20 kilometers rotating rapidly. The star emerges with the properties in its core that are absent of internal nuclear reactions, surrounded by a powerful magnetic field. It develops into a pulsar and produces a strong source of radio wave emissions. According to mankind’s present accepted theory, radio waves are emitted in focused beams exiting through tight channels via the north and south magnetic poles of the neutron star. This theory, named “The Lighthouse Effect” by astrophysicists, proposes that the magnetic pole alignment be tilted in relation to the rotational axis of the pulsar. The effect is a tight radio wave beam emitted from the poles, which sweeps rotationally across the universe like a lighthouse beacon. The Earth then receives the subtle pulses of radio waves at a frequency directly related to the rotation period of the pulsar. On occasion, scientists have detected variances in the arrival times of pulse produced from some pulsars, as its position in relation to the Earth changes. Consensus thinking has added modifications to this theory to account for these phenomena. Differences in the spatial location of the star are due to gravitational forces from the planetary companions applied at the extremes of their elliptical orbits.

Another variety of a pulsar observed by mankind, is a millisecond pulsar, whose rotational frequency or time it takes to spin 360 degrees is under 25 milliseconds, has brought forth this theory. The millisecond pulsar maybe formed out of a longer period rotating neutron star. Acquiring material through an accretion disk, which feeds on a companion binary star. Thus accelerating the rotational period of the pulsar that is measured in seconds, to where the pulse is measured in milliseconds. Although, it is still a mystery of how rotation of stellar objects are initiated.

The theoretical concept proposed above by mankind, in a valiant attempt to explain pulsars, unravels due to conflicts in the laws of physics. The theory that a pulsar is initiated from either a white dwarf or super nova explosion is true. It goes astray defining how the process of a super nova proceeds in a star. In a super nova, a neutron star’s fuel, hydrogen, eventually dwindles. The fusion reaction occurring in the core no longer produces sufficient molecular activity and heat particle emissions needed to counteract the gravitational force emanating from the solar mass. The result is a stellar collapse, compressing all matter within the original star, into a spherical object that is a fractional size of its original volume. As the star collapses, conservation of rotational angular momentum occurs, and the rate of spin increases in proportion to the compression in magnitude of the radius of the affected mass. On a rare occasion, a super nova occurs as a large pocket of unused hydrogen fuel enters into an active zone within the core. The heavy elements that usually gather in the central region of the star are insufficient to be a control factor. The force of compression due to gravity initiates a new accelerated fusion reaction. The gravitational containment force of the solar object can no longer hold the nuclear forces at bay. A cosmic explosion ensues, tearing away a significant portion of the stars mass, thus leaving only a fractional remnant of the original neutron star. The expelled mass ejected from the neutron has a point of origin and directional velocity that affects the final rotational spin.

Physicists have proposed that a radio wave beacon is responsible for the pulses, are focused during their passage through strong magnetic fields occurring at the poles of the stellar remnant. Over the vast distances of interstellar space, subtle details in radio wave reception exhibited by Pulsars would not back today’s theories. Radio waves exiting from the polar regions of a cosmic mass would spread immediately once outside of the influence of the pulsar’s magnetic field in a 180 degree, 3 dimensional spherical direction. Would a transmitter here on Earth create the signature of a pulse in relation to its rotation speed and tilt to a stationary axis once outside of the point of containment; or does the source of the radio waves expanding from that point appear as a steady state emission with small short dips over a long distance? The tilt of the magnetic poles in relation to the poles of the rotational axis of cosmic objects seldom varies by several degrees. In the theoretical alignment proposed by mankind, a rotational deviation of the magnetic poles from the normal axis of rotation would have to exceed 30 degrees, which is the foundation of mankind’s explanation for a pulsar. The movement of matter within its core dictates the rotation of cosmic objects. The process of how movement in the core of a cosmic object is responsible for its rotation is sketchy at best to Earth’s scientists. The core primarily in a liquid state, a zone where the heavy elements accumulate, is highly susceptible to viscosity of the flowing matter in the core and the magnetic field, primary due to the element iron. The proportion of iron in relation to other heavy elements in the core is the determining factor to the intensity of a magnetic field of a cosmic object. Matter, planetary or stellar in origin, aligns in a north/south block-like relationship to the ambient charged field of the cosmic object. The flow of the matter within the core is started by pressure and gravitational inequalities within different zones of the core. Molecular motion organizes and begins to move in a uniform fashion. Velocity of this motion or period of core rotation is dictated by a differentiation of pressure inequalities that exist in the core and the gravitational forces tugging from outside cosmic objects. Motion truly is initiated in a straight direction, but gravity tends to bend that path of motion towards the center of the core. The result is circular motion, once organized, matter in the core takes the easiest path, perpendicular to the alignment of the magnetic poles un less altered by an outside magnetic influence. If a scientist could examine the object’s process pertaining to movement of matter in the core at the molecular level, it would be represented by what seems to be an infinite number of ultra thin parallel disks of matter floating on top of each other. All movement is synchronized in the same direction about the axis of the cosmic mass. The rotational speed differentials of the many parallel levels of stacked matter tend to reinforce each other. This movement process tends to slide past each other with minimal interference, thus building rotational momentum in a give and take progression. Minimizing the frictional build up of heat, which translates into a loss of rotational momentum in the core. The motion in the core is the driving force of rotation, accomplished as the surface matter or outer shell of the cosmic object is dragged from frictional contact. This is the process that propels the rotational spin of planetary and stellar objects. As the angle between the magnetic axis of rotation in relation to the axis increased, the efficiency of rotational spin of mass within the core would erode from frictional heat and light output. The friction is a by-product of movement that cuts across at an angle to the magnetic alignment instead of parallel to it. At the critical angle between the rotational axis and the magnetic axis, the angle where the frictional force of matter in the core would exceed the natural rotational momentum, rotation of the cosmic object would halt. A good example mimicking rotation in the core would be a tropical storm with a maintained rotation of winds. Wind shear a varying force would represent a misalignment of the axis of rotation and the magnetic axis. Let wind shear would increasingly interfere with the storm’s rotation in relation to a widening deviation in the angle between the axes. Though the wind force, small in comparison to the storm, cuts across the top of the storm, disorganizing it. Rotation stops, the storm dissipates. So a relatively minor acute angle between the rotational axis and magnetic axis would be sufficient enough to cease rotation due to frictional force applied the rotation of the mass long before a lighthouse effect explaining a pulsar, could commence.

How could there be variations in the arrival or delay of these pulses from these stars be attributed to gravity from companion objects? When in fact, supernova explosion, the current theory backed by most scientists, would have the local spatial area void of any cosmic objects due to the blast wave. If a large remnant extra solar mass did survive in the local area, capture or assimilation of the object would occur from the immense gravitational force exerted by the core of the remnant star or white dwarf. How could an extra solar mass achieve an increase in the angular orbital momentum countering the increased gravitational pull from the remnant star, to achieve a balanced orbit in mankind’s eyes? In order for an object to be left in an area, its momentum would have to be nil. The dominant gravitational force, which the cosmic object is listening to, is now towards the center of the remnant star. Its capture is inevitable. Even by a strange occurrence, mankind’s view of the universe, where spatial displacement of a star due to gravitational wobble, caused by the orbits of extra solar planets or combination there of, would not account for the time pulse variances observed in pulsars. Since displacement of a solar mass by gravitational effects of planets is measured in feet at orbital extremes.

The millisecond pulsar theory proposed by mankind, explains how a neutron star void of any fusion reactions acquires stellar mass from a companion binary star and decreases its rotational period to fewer than twenty-five milliseconds. Lets analyze this scenario under the present rules of astrophysics. A neutron star occurs when fusion reactions in the core of a remnant star stops. No longer is there a force of nuclear reactions, which expands the mass, available to counter the compression of gravity. So the star collapses, creating a dense dead stellar mass of neutrons, a fraction of its original spherical volume, while simultaneously preserving angular momentum. Hence, rotational speed increases in proportion to the reduction in the radius of the mass. Enter into the equation the accretion disk, which feeds off of a companion star. As new mass added to a cosmic mass already in equilibrium, a point where conservation of angular momentum balances rotational speed and the size of the stellar mass under gravitational compression, would tend to slow rather than increase the speed of rotation. Impact collisions occurring from the captured mass of the accretion disk when added neutron star, would result in heat. Once added, an expansion of the cosmic mass in volume would occur and the moment of inertia diminishes. Rotation slows. Adjusting rotational speed for mass, excluding energy added due to collisions, any new mass added into a balanced system, finds the new resultant larger mass with the original force responsible for spin, spread thinner. Conclusion: slower rotation. To state that accretion of new material from a companion stellar mass to a neutron star or remnant increases the rate of rotation is a direct violation of mankind’s laws of motion.

A pulsar is one of many events that occur in the universe after a catastrophic loss of fusion energy production in the core of the star, but in its case, it could take one of two paths. The first path a pulsar could take would occur as a remnant of a stellar explosion or super nova. The second path is when rate of the fusion process occurring in the core decreases to the point where the stellar mass collapses upon itself creating a white dwarf without an explosion.

The first path, a stellar mass nearing the end of hydrogen fuel supply, no longer produces enough energy to counter the gravitational compression of the stellar mass. An irreversible process caused by gravity initiates a collapse of the stellar mass. In a rare occurrence a super nova results with most of the stellar mass being blown away. Leaving a dense dead like stellar core, which is capable of a fractional production of the initial stellar energy. What scientists have over looked is the hydrogen fuel supply does not have to be exhausted in a star for a super nova to occur, but a supply that dwindles to a point where the reaction rate cannot counter gravity; collapse becomes eminent. In the case of most remnants, there is sufficient hydrogen fuel pockets scattered about the core for gravitational compression to reinitialize fusion reactions. At a pulsar’s inception, the fusion reaction in the core is slow in comparison to its pre nova rate. This sets into motion a domino effect of many core changes. Reduced molecular motion in the central area of the stellar mass, translates into less heat, light and molecular frictional motion. The spherical volume of the remnant object proceeds to oscillate under ebbing waves of expansion from new unused hydrogen energy sources and increasing waves of compression due to energy production constriction, which the latter eventually wins out. Resulting in overall gravitational field intensification around a shrinking stellar object. Once stabilized, but still slowly compressing, the gravitational field emanating from the solar mass creates a static containment shell, which impedes the exit of radio noise particles from escaping from the solar mass. Field intensity is increasing proportionally to the decrease in the diameter the stellar object. A rapid build up in heat particle emissions ensues, a by-product of compressed core molecular movement and bumping. Under increased gravitational compression, the core gives rise to a new set of particles when resident heat particles, particles which never leave the mass drop from an excited stage to normal. Emission of these particles is emitted within the frequency range of radio waves and is transmitted through out the universe. The pulse is created, as radio particles build inside the gravitational shell until the force of the applied by radio emission particles against the shell overcomes spherical containment. At this point a burst of radio particles occurs, which mankind records on his instruments as a pulse. Internal pressures near the containment shell drop within the solar mass and the cycle repeats as radio particles are created in the core. Variations, like rapid pulse rates, sometimes measured in milliseconds, occurs when a weak gravitational field emanating from a stellar object is overwhelmed by an accelerated over production of radio noise particles. The equilibrium within a pulsar, which emits the pulse or burst, radio noise production moves from ebb to a zenith, as compromise between production and build up of particles against the force of the gravitational containment field of the cosmic object. The weaker the gravitational containment field or the greater the fusion rate affecting molecule bumping, the shorter the time period is between a pulse. An opposite reaction, an increase in the time period between pulses happen as the stellar object gathers mass from the gravitational active zone of assimilation or fusion energy production with the star ebbs, the rate of the radio wave pulsation decreases as witnessed by stellar observations of astronomers. A stronger gravitational field retains particles for a longer rate before a burst occurs. A lower fusion energy rate, which occurs in the core, decelerates the molecular bumping frictional production process, resulting in a lower emission of radio waves. Also accounting for a slower energy burst. Once the two processes of an increased gravitational containment shell and decreased molecular motion occur to a stellar object simultaneously, there is an exponential decrease in the pulse rate emanating from that object.

Examination of the second path is a solar object where the rate of the fusion process no longer counters the force of gravity and the mass of the star collapses, without invoking any new reactions of hydrogen fusion to balance the force of compression. Thus forming a dense, rapidly rotating cosmic object (conservation of inertial momentum), which is a fractional size of the original diameter of the cosmic object. What is unknown to scientists is that the fusion process never stops in a stellar object. Energy production eventually is reduced to the point where it approaches zero, but never gets there. An absolute stoppage of the fusion process, mankind’s version of the fusion process is only a theoretical assumption without merit. A true representation is a slow erosion of the fusion reaction, but it does not default to an absence of all energy production. Variations on previous explanation differ only with the location where the pulse is emitted. The pulse essentially is released from the stellar object in a 360-degree spherical pattern. In this alternate second case, angular velocity is transferred to radio noise emission particles due to rotation of the pulsar, adding a new factor into this phenomenon. Ejection of these particles, are accelerated due to centrifugal force. The maximum expulsion rate of particles from the pulsar occurs at the equator with leakage happening between pulses. Diminishing quickly as the latitude of the particles in relation to their ejection point on the globe increases from the equator towards its poles. Established physicists need to ponder this galactic event in a child-like manner, fresh, with no preconceived concepts. To scrutinize this cosmic event, the pulsar for explanation, I will set stable parameters of mass, rotation, fusion energy production in the core to arrive at a logical conclusion.

In abstract, a pulsar, with a total mass of M and a rotational period of X, would produce a constant gravitational static containment shell at the outer edge of its body for random moving matter and energy. Yielding a containment force of Y, applied opposite the direction of any random molecular or energy particles exiting the core. The fusion rate of the remnant hydrogen pockets left over from the original stellar mass in the core of the pulsar for this example will also remain at a constant is in order to maintain a constant stable flow of radio particles. The information concerning the process of a fusion reaction is still active in a neutron star, white dwarf or stellar remnant of a supernova, would be a surprise in the prestigious circles of elite astrophysicists. Since they believe the fusion reaction in a pulsar stellar object has ceased. Progressing, the by-product of stellar molecular bumping or frictional motion in the core of the pulsar is radio noise particles, which are emitted at constant rate Z for the hypnosis. Our examination of the pulsar phenomena, will look at all aspects that interact within the remnant stellar mass. As radio particles are produced within the core of the mass of the pulsar, movement exiting this central location occurs in a 360-degree spherical dispersion from the crowded conditions. The particles build and apply an opposing force, which increases in proportion to the passage of time and the rate of particle emissions, designated at Z, against the force Y of the containment shell. Due to the rapid rotation the stellar mass, an unequal centrifugal force is applied to mass and particles generated within the stellar remnant. Centrifugal force, which adds to the momentum of exiting particles, is determined by a particle’s distance away from the axis and the cosine of the angle between the equatorial plane and the radio’s particle path exiting the stellar mass. It is created from angular rotational momentum, which is greatest at the equator of the cosmic object, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Here is where mankind has to re-examine his assumed location dictating the path of least resistance, only because observations of a pulsar are deceptive. To perceive a new version, which unfolds in a logical sequence of events, we will explore the activity of particle movement within the sphere of a pulsar. Due to fluid mechanics, the contents of a sphere consisting of stellar matter, representing a pulsar moves slower than emitted radio particles. Particles building at the event horizon, the spatial location internal surface tension of the pulsar’s gravitational containment field, leak due to centrifugal force. Ejection from the stellar mass creates pressure waves in front of movement as they exit and leave a vacuum in its wake. Particle movement piercing the containment shell varies due to angular momentum, greatest at the equator and diminishes as the path of particles exiting the sphere parallels the poles. This sequence of events, causing an applied force from particle buildup against the containment field, is an opposite of conventional thinking. The maximum amount of particles would leave at or near the equator, leaving a low-pressure wake upon exit. At the poles, particle movement pressure would build and maximize against the shell, due to low or no added exiting momentum from centrifugal force. Like a volcano, where a larger pressure is applied upon a location, which cannot be dispersed quickly due slow movement of mass, the break occurs at the weak point. In a pulsar, there would be a steady loss in the force applied to the gravitational static shell as the latitude of the particles in relation to its equator leaving the sphere, increases towards the maximum located at the poles. The expulsion point of the pulse of radio particles, which is weakest point. Once the shell is broken, the particles are emitted until the pressure pushing them out are again contained by the gravitation shell. The process then repeats in frequency according to a new set of variables or constants.

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